Exchange Currency

EUR/ISK


The exchange rate as of today for EUR/ISK is EUR per ISK, which means that with 100 Euros you can buy Iceland kronur.

Below you will find information about historical currency exchange rates for EUR/ISK currency pair represented in a history table and an exchange chart. Also, bellow you can read summary information about EUR or ISK currencies.
  


EUR to ISK exchange rate history

Date Exchange Rate Variation
increased 123,4825000000 +115,6028200695
increased 7,8796799305 +0,0384812036
decreased 7,8411987269 -0,026440249
decreased 7,8676389759 -0,0044226861
increased 7,8720616620 +0,0037771784
decreased 7,8682844835 -115,2436155165
increased 123,1119000000 +115,1968257986
decreased 7,9150742014 -0,0230081935
decreased 7,9380823949 -0,0012143213
decreased 7,9392967162 -116,2837032838
increased 124,2230000000 +116,2764173559
increased 7,9465826442 +0,0336175271
decreased 7,9129651170 -0,0173200568
decreased 7,9302851738 -116,1517148262
increased 124,0820000000 +116,0993711861
decreased 7,9826288139 -0,0530466683
not_changed 8,0356754822 0
decreased 8,0356754822 -117,6953245178
increased 125,7310000000 +117,6790909591
decreased 8,0519090409 -0,1622716756
not_changed 8,2141807166 0
increased 8,2141807166 +0,0203878159
increased 8,1937929007 +0,0676824358
decreased 8,1261104649 -119,0198895351
increased 127,1460000000 +119,0246189971
decreased 8,1213810029 -0,0074137512
not_changed 8,1287947541 0
not_changed 8,1287947541 0
decreased 8,1287947541 -119,0592052459
increased 127,1880000000 +119,2325975484
decreased 7,9554024517 -116,5195975484
increased 124,4750000000 +116,4719194585
decreased 8,0030805415 -0,0871754886
decreased 8,0902560301 -118,4947439699
increased 126,5850000000 +118,5139813762
increased 8,0710186239 +0,1225186302
increased 7,9484999936 +0,049275881
decreased 7,8992241126 -115,6967758874
increased 123,5960000000 +115,6751737502
increased 7,9208262498 +0,1155522606
increased 7,8052739892 +0,0379635192
decreased 7,7673104700 -113,76468953
increased 121,5320000000 +113,7000748533
increased 7,8319251467 +0,1878363351
decreased 7,6440888116 -0,0248616313
increased 7,6689504429 +0,056561809
decreased 7,6123886340 -111,4956113661
increased 119,1080000000 +111,6711766646
decreased 7,4368233354 -0,0366213746
increased 7,4734447100 +0,1466133217
increased 7,3268313883 +0,0760548618
increased 7,2507765265 +0,04109519
increased 7,2096813365 +0,0101619521
increased 7,1995193844 +0,1287180602
increased 7,0708013242 +0,0317640893
decreased 7,0390372349 -0,1140822926
decreased 7,1531195276 -0,2300819347
decreased 7,3832014623 -108,1387985377
increased 115,5220000000 +108,1441032045
decreased 7,3778967955 -0,0217299605
decreased 7,3996267560 -108,379373244
increased 115,7790000000 +108,3753468102
decreased 7,4036531898 -108,4383468102
increased 115,8420000000 +108,4370046656
decreased 7,4049953344 -0,0009586747
decreased 7,4059540092 -0,1498089042
increased 7,5557629133 +0,0183426431
decreased 7,5374202702 -0,0058798717
decreased 7,5433001419 -0,0132297112
decreased 7,5565298531 -0,0126545064
decreased 7,5691843595 -110,8628156405
increased 118,4320000000 +110,8079155344
decreased 7,6240844656 -111,6669155344
increased 119,2910000000 +111,6721562896
decreased 7,6188437105 -0,1070520113
increased 7,7258957218 +0,0680659057
increased 7,6578298161 +0,0997021717
decreased 7,5581276443 -110,7008723557
increased 118,2590000000 +110,7846605269
increased 7,4743394731 +0,297125254
decreased 7,1772142191 -0,1359400764
increased 7,3131542955 +0,1295489116
decreased 7,1836053839 -105,2153946161
increased 112,3990000000 +105,1736603096
decreased 7,2253396904 -0,1136349111
decreased 7,3389746015 -0,1197065177
decreased 7,4586811192 -0,1314023494
decreased 7,5900834686 -0,1273759155
decreased 7,7174593841 -113,0345406159
increased 120,7520000000 +113,0203522299
decreased 7,7316477701 -0,0862168139
increased 7,8178645840 +0,0351514067
decreased 7,7827131773 -0,0033873174
decreased 7,7861004947 -114,0398995053
increased 121,8260000000 +113,9058767783
decreased 7,9201232217 -0,0502345558
not_changed 7,9703577774 0
increased 7,9703577774 +0,0862807255
increased 7,8840770519 +0,1322332008
decreased 7,7518438511 -113,5381561489
increased 121,2900000000 +113,5381561489
increased 7,7518438511 +0,0040903455
decreased 7,7477535056 -0,0354070533
increased 7,7831605588 +0,0896041312
increased 7,6935564276 +0,043651656
decreased 7,6499047716 -0,0076693978
decreased 7,6575741695 -112,1574258305
increased 119,8150000000 +112,2088747076
increased 7,6061252924 +0,0317001777
not_changed 7,5744251147 0
decreased 7,5744251147 -110,9395748853
increased 118,5140000000 +110,9395748853
increased 7,5744251147 +0,001278233
decreased 7,5731468818 -110,9208531183
increased 118,4940000000 +110,9090933749
increased 7,5849066251 +0,0371965794
increased 7,5477100456 +0,0556670459
decreased 7,4920429998 -0,0802730306
increased 7,5723160303 +0,0246059847
decreased 7,5477100456 -0,0314445311
increased 7,5791545767 +0,0003834699
decreased 7,5787711068 -0,0721562512
decreased 7,6509273580 -112,060072642
increased 119,7110000000 +112,0916449964
decreased 7,6193550036 -0,031636266
not_changed 7,6509912697 0
not_changed 7,6509912697 0
decreased 7,6509912697 -112,0610087303
increased 119,7120000000 +112,0537867141
decreased 7,6582132860 -0,0432042744
decreased 7,7014175604 -0,0385387241
decreased 7,7399562844 -113,3640437156
increased 121,1040000000 +113,3131700433
decreased 7,7908299567 -114,1091700433
increased 121,9000000000 +114,1012449989
decreased 7,7987550011 -114,2252449989
increased 122,0240000000 +114,1812737847
decreased 7,8427262153 -0,016553117
decreased 7,8592793323 -115,1117206678
increased 122,9710000000 +115,0927389081
decreased 7,8782610919 -0,0586069817
decreased 7,9368680736 -0,0313806194
decreased 7,9682486930 -116,707751307
increased 124,6760000000 +116,7117138292
decreased 7,9642861708 -0,0110567152
decreased 7,9753428860 -0,0639755602
increased 8,0393184462 +0,0211547557
decreased 8,0181636905 -0,1087776258
decreased 8,1269413163 -0,0146996792
increased 8,1416409955 +0,0024925543
decreased 8,1391484412 -119,2108515588
increased 127,3500000000 +119,1814522005
decreased 8,1685477995 -0,0430125395
decreased 8,2115603390 -0,0120793016
decreased 8,2236396406 -0,0071581046
decreased 8,2307977452 -0,0156583539
increased 8,2464560991 +0,0048572853
decreased 8,2415988138 -0,0515127887
decreased 8,2931116025 -0,1083302443
not_changed 8,4014418468 0
decreased 8,4014418468 -0,0411591017
decreased 8,4426009484 -0,0180869965
decreased 8,4606879450 -123,920312055
increased 132,3810000000 +123,9382073166
decreased 8,4427926834 -123,6582073166
increased 132,1010000000 +123,6548199992
not_changed 8,4461800008 0
not_changed 8,4461800008 0
decreased 8,4461800008 -123,7078199992
increased 132,1540000000 +123,6892856212
decreased 8,4647143788 -0,0966344126
decreased 8,5613487914 -0,0476780898
increased 8,6090268812 +0,0104175987
decreased 8,5986092825 -0,018917848
decreased 8,6175271305 -126,2174728695
increased 134,8350000000 +126,1318312605
decreased 8,7031687395 -127,4718312605
increased 136,1750000000 +127,4865948513
decreased 8,6884051487 -0,0295910933
decreased 8,7179962420 -0,1448174044
decreased 8,8628136464 -0,0188858921
decreased 8,8816995386 -0,0300193013
decreased 8,9117188399 -0,0016553117
decreased 8,9133741516 -130,5506258484
increased 139,4640000000 +130,5354468319
decreased 8,9285531681 -0,008219038
decreased 8,9367722061 -130,8933277939
increased 139,8301000000 +130,8927589802
decreased 8,9373410198 -130,9016589802
increased 139,8390000000 +130,8990577761
decreased 8,9399422239 -0,0006391165
decreased 8,9405813404 -0,0313742283
increased 8,9719555686 +0,0061738652
decreased 8,9657817034 -0,007522401
decreased 8,9733041044 -131,4283958956
increased 140,4017000000 +131,4283958956
not_changed 8,9733041044 0
decreased 8,9733041044 -0,0157094832
increased 8,9890135876 +0,0324735086
decreased 8,9565400790 -131,182859921
increased 140,1394000000 +131,1783797144
decreased 8,9610202856 -0,0238070891
decreased 8,9848273746 -131,5971726254
increased 140,5820000000 +131,5953191876
decreased 8,9866808124 -131,6243191876
increased 140,6110000000 +131,6153076451
decreased 8,9956923549 -131,7563076451
increased 140,7520000000 +131,7529458924
decreased 8,9990541076 -131,8055458924
increased 140,8046000000 +131,837399458
increased 8,9672005420 +0,0123541217
decreased 8,9548464203 -131,1580535797
increased 140,1129000000 +131,1380172779
decreased 8,9748827221 -131,4515172779
increased 140,4264000000 +131,4383578694
increased 8,9880421306 +0,0130699321
decreased 8,9749721984 -0,007637442
decreased 8,9826096404 -131,5646903596
increased 140,5473000000 +131,5635335587
decreased 8,9837664413 -131,5816335587
increased 140,5654000000 +131,5866314496
decreased 8,9787685504 -0,0023902957
decreased 8,9811588460 -131,543441154
increased 140,5246000000 +131,5282940933
decreased 8,9963059067 -0,0372157529
decreased 9,0335216597 -0,0095228356
decreased 9,0430444953 -0,0188667186
not_changed 9,0619112139 0
increased 9,0619112139 +0,0079633914
decreased 9,0539478225 -0,0496146128
decreased 9,1035624353 -0,0252962305
not_changed 9,1288586658 0
increased 9,1288586658 +0,0150320197
decreased 9,1138266460 -0,0395740928
decreased 9,1534007388 -134,0661992612
increased 143,2196000000 +134,1053898841
decreased 9,1142101159 -0,0066404203
increased 9,1208505362 +0,0049020234
decreased 9,1159485128 -0,015818133
increased 9,1317666458 +0,0698809965
decreased 9,0618856493 -132,7258143507
increased 141,7877000000 +132,7467326333
decreased 9,0409673667 -0,0035023583
decreased 9,0444697251 -0,00806565
increased 9,0525353751 +0,013415055
increased 9,0391203201 +0,0016808764
increased 9,0374394437 +0,0131466261
increased 9,0242928176 +0,0149489346
decreased 9,0093438830 -0,010622116
decreased 9,0199659990 -0,027680135
decreased 9,0476461340 -132,517253866
increased 141,5649000000 +132,5171579985
increased 9,0477420015 +0,0067235054
decreased 9,0410184960 -0,0066148556
decreased 9,0476333517 -132,5170666484
increased 141,5647000000 +132,5170346925
increased 9,0476653075 +0,0200682576
decreased 9,0275970498 -132,2236029502
increased 141,2512000000 +132,2213660425
increased 9,0298339575 +0,0519154321
decreased 8,9779185254 -131,4959814746
increased 140,4739000000 +131,4966653292
decreased 8,9772346708 -0,00581596
decreased 8,9830506308 -0,0286835479
increased 9,0117341787 +0,0054197078
decreased 9,0063144709 -131,9118855291
increased 140,9182000000 +131,9239967865
increased 8,9942032135 +0,0031252796
decreased 8,9910779339 -0,0080081296
increased 8,9990860634 +0,0082829497
decreased 8,9908031138 -0,0200235195
decreased 9,0108266333 -0,0608247159
decreased 9,0716513492 -0,0088581545
increased 9,0805095037 +0,0163805555
decreased 9,0641289481 -0,0495890481
decreased 9,1137179962 -133,4849820038
increased 142,5987000000 +133,4984929263
increased 9,1002070737 +0,0433320977
decreased 9,0568749760 -0,0226375059
increased 9,0795124819 +0,0070686283
decreased 9,0724438536 -0,0034320555
decreased 9,0758759091 -0,019461097
decreased 9,0953370061 -133,2157629939
increased 142,3111000000 +133,168506721
decreased 9,1425932791 -133,907906721
increased 143,0505000000 +133,8948559623
decreased 9,1556440377 -0,0278974346
increased 9,1835414723 +0,0305305945
decreased 9,1530108778 -134,0604891222
increased 143,2135000000 +134,0641896067
decreased 9,1493103933 -0,0393248373
decreased 9,1886352307 -0,0150639756
decreased 9,2036992062 -0,1957677706
increased 9,3994669769 +0,0107691128
not_changed 9,3886978641 0
decreased 9,3886978641 -137,5125021359
increased 146,9012000000 +137,4720013243
decreased 9,4291986758 -138,1057013243
increased 147,5349000000 +138,1115492401
decreased 9,4233507599 -138,0200492401
increased 147,4434000000 +138,0205349686
decreased 9,4228650314 -138,0129349686
increased 147,4358000000 +138,032102072
decreased 9,4036979280 -137,732202072
increased 147,1359000000 +137,7246477152
decreased 9,4112522848 -137,8428477152
increased 147,2541000000 +137,8407194573
decreased 9,4133805427 -0,032409597
increased 9,4457901397 +0,0015722266
increased 9,4442179132 +0,0460483428
decreased 9,3981695704 -0,0172944921
increased 9,4154640625 +0,0036173993
decreased 9,4118466632 -0,0852453568
decreased 9,4970920200 -0,0196783966
decreased 9,5167704166 -0,0060588243
increased 9,5228292409 +0,014150039
decreased 9,5086792019 -0,0480296039
decreased 9,5567088057 -139,9732911943
increased 149,5300000000 +140,0144183401
increased 9,5155816599 +0,0407692406
increased 9,4748124193 +0,1218028198
decreased 9,3530095995 -0,0924354173
not_changed 9,4454450168 0
decreased 9,4454450168 -138,3436549832
increased 147,7891000000 +138,3235164227
increased 9,4655835773 +0,0392161875
decreased 9,4263673897 -0,0509631485
decreased 9,4773305383 -138,8106694617
increased 148,2880000000 +138,7962509938
not_changed 9,4917490062 0
increased 9,4917490062 +0,1045850217
increased 9,3871639845 +0,0270346273
decreased 9,3601293572 -0,074514591
decreased 9,4346439482 -138,1854560518
increased 147,6201000000 +138,193489746
increased 9,4266102540 +0,0029143712
decreased 9,4236958828 -0,0257116562
decreased 9,4494075390 -0,0387624148
increased 9,4881699539 +0,0003259494
decreased 9,4878440044 -0,0186366367
not_changed 9,5064806412 0
decreased 9,5064806412 -139,2376193588
increased 148,7441000000 +139,296980498
decreased 9,4471195020 -138,368180498
increased 147,8153000000 +138,4201917976
decreased 9,3951082024 -0,0202536014
decreased 9,4153618038 -137,9030381962
increased 147,3184000000 +137,9185559444
decreased 9,3998440556 -137,6757559444
increased 147,0756000000 +137,5883439827
decreased 9,4872560173 -0,0037324403
decreased 9,4909884576 -139,0107115424
increased 148,5017000000 +138,9716998722
decreased 9,5300001278 -0,059431442
increased 9,5894315698 +0,008762287
increased 9,5806692828 +0,0073562307
increased 9,5733130520 +0,0183170785
decreased 9,5549959736 -0,0109672389
not_changed 9,5659632125 0
decreased 9,5659632125 -0,0593803127
decreased 9,6253435251 -0,0120665192
decreased 9,6374100444 -0,1352050925
decreased 9,7726151368 -0,092115859
increased 9,8647309959 +0,0316170925
decreased 9,8331139033 -0,0132808406
increased 9,8463947439 +0,010622116
increased 9,8357726279 +0,0192949267
decreased 9,8164777012 -143,7780222988
increased 153,5945000000 +143,7863372043
decreased 9,8081627958 -143,6562372043
increased 153,4644000000 +143,6562372043
increased 9,8081627958 +0,0109097184
decreased 9,7972530773 -0,0441309933
decreased 9,8413840707 -144,1428159293
increased 153,9842000000 +144,1100995565
increased 9,8741004435 +0,0155177483
decreased 9,8585826953 -0,0962062045
not_changed 9,9547888998 0
decreased 9,9547888998 -145,8038111002
increased 155,7586000000 +145,80194488
increased 9,9566551200 +0,1186519755
decreased 9,8380031445 -144,0932968556
increased 153,9313000000 +144,0632392072
increased 9,8680607928 +0,1152454846
decreased 9,7528153081 -0,0273350121
decreased 9,7801503202 -0,0814681784
increased 9,8616184986 +0,0314189664
increased 9,8301995322 +0,0745657203
decreased 9,7556338118 -0,0013229711
increased 9,7569567829 +0,011746961
not_changed 9,7452098219 0
increased 9,7452098219 +0,0309460202
decreased 9,7142638017 -0,0691204479
increased 9,7833842496 +0,0612784886
decreased 9,7221057610 -0,031559572
decreased 9,7536653330 -0,0681809467
decreased 9,8218462797 -0,0124563803
decreased 9,8343026600 -0,0013229711
increased 9,8356256311 +0,0206818095
increased 9,8149438217 +0,0413572278
increased 9,7735865939 +0,0763232939
decreased 9,6972633000 -0,00258203
decreased 9,6998453300 -0,11197321
decreased 9,8118185400 -0,09510054
decreased 9,9069190800 -145,10268092
increased 155,0096000000 +145,10201624
decreased 9,9075837600 -0,00090115
increased 9,9084849100 +0,079717
decreased 9,8287679100 -0,05911188
decreased 9,8878797900 -144,82382021
increased 154,7117000000 +144,81467445
increased 9,8970255500 +0,04093541
decreased 9,8560901400 -144,35820986
increased 154,2143000000 +144,29656068
decreased 9,9177393200 -145,26116068
increased 155,1789000000 +145,28773515
decreased 9,8911648500 -144,87193515
increased 154,7631000000 +144,84948298
increased 9,9136170200 +0,03903085
decreased 9,8745861700 -144,62911383
increased 154,5037000000 +144,6138709
decreased 9,8898291000 -0,00070303
decreased 9,8905321300 -144,86266787
increased 154,7532000000 +144,8902777
increased 9,8629223000 +0,02613348
decreased 9,8367888200 -144,07551118
increased 153,9123000000 +144,08716866
decreased 9,8251313400 -0,02854294
increased 9,8536742800 +0,03598226
decreased 9,8176920200 -0,00205157
decreased 9,8197435900 -0,07596538
increased 9,8957089700 +0,01733923
increased 9,8783697400 +0,0044099
decreased 9,8739598400 -144,61994016
increased 154,4939000000 +144,60453106
decreased 9,8893689400 -0,0461506
increased 9,9355195400 +0,05720732
decreased 9,8783122200 -144,68368778
increased 154,5620000000 +144,68703675
decreased 9,8749632500 -144,63463675
increased 154,5096000000 +144,61326469
decreased 9,8963353100 -0,0332021
decreased 9,9295374100 -0,00813595
decreased 9,9376733600 -0,04583743
decreased 9,9835107900 -146,22448921
increased 156,2080000000 +146,24164948
decreased 9,9663505200 -145,97314948
increased 155,9395000000 +145,94282341
increased 9,9966765900 +0,07825342
increased 9,9184231700 +0,02601843
decreased 9,8924047400 -144,89009526
increased 154,7825000000 +144,78314551
decreased 9,9993544900 -0,08311071
increased 10,0824652000 +0,082037
increased 10,0004282000 +0,06228189
decreased 9,9381463100 -0,18460239
decreased 10,1227487000 -148,2638513
increased 158,3866000000 +148,3337898
increased 10,0528102000 +0,06536245
decreased 9,9874477500 -0,11590375
decreased 10,1033515000 -147,9797485
increased 158,0831000000 +148,0417236
decreased 10,0413764000 -0,1412959
decreased 10,1826723000 -0,0112101
decreased 10,1938824000 -0,0895785
decreased 10,2834609000 -0,0164445
decreased 10,2999054000 -0,0691716
increased 10,3690770000 +0,0131147
not_changed 10,3559623000 0
decreased 10,3559623000 -0,0173456
not_changed 10,3733079000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
not_changed 0,0000000000 0
Please note that EUR to ISK currency exchange rate historical information is renewed every 3 hours. Last update was at . To view last currency exchange rate updates, visit currency rates page.

Euro to Iceland krona exchange chart

Note: The Euro to Iceland krona chart allow you to see for free currency exchange rate graph history for the EUR/ISK currency pair. Currently, the currency chart shows historical exchange rates for Euro per 1 Iceland krona pair for a period of 2477 days.


EUR

The euro is the official currency of the eurozone — an economic and monetary union of 17 European Union member states that have adopted the euro as their common currency and sole legal tender. The euro is used by the European Union institutions and it is consequently used daily by some 327 million Europeans. Additionally, over 175 million people worldwide use currencies which are pegged to the euro, including more than 150 million people in Africa.



ISK

The krona (plural kronur) is the currency of Iceland. The krona is technically subdivided into 100 aurar (singular eyrir), but in practice this subdivision is no longer used.